Exploring VLSI Domains and Skill Sets : Test Chip & CAD Automation

In this episode, we’ll dive into two lesser-known but crucial domains in the VLSI  industry: Test Chip and CAD Automation. These domains don’t receive as much attention as others, such as STA (Static Timing Analysis), Physical Design (PD), or Verification. However, they are indispensable for the seamless functioning and progress of VLSI technology.  

Let’s explore why these domains are essential and how they contribute to the IC design process.  

Why These Domains Are Unique :

Test Chip and CAD Automation domains differ from more popular ones as they:  

• Require a mix of technical, inter-domain knowledge, and management skills.  
• Don’t follow a narrowly focused approach but instead interact with multiple stages of the design process.  
• Play behind-the-scenes roles that are critical for validating and optimizing IC designs.  

So, let’s begin our exploration!  

Test Chip Domain :

The Test Chip domain is fundamental for validating and bench marking the performance of designs, IPs, or innovative technologies.  

What Are Test Chips? 

Test chips, also called prototype chips, are created to ensure the design fulfills its specifications both in simulations (software) and physical silicon (hardware). These chips can include digital, analog, or mixed-signal designs, and even IPs, to evaluate their functionality against key performance metrics.  

Where Test Chip Units Operate in VLSI :

1. ASIC Design Flow:  

• In the RTL to GDS2 flow, SoCs (System on Chips) are designed with multimillion gates.  
• Test chips here are smaller K-chip designs reused across technology nodes and fabrication processes. 

2. Analog Design Flow: 

• Test chips in analog design are smaller, focusing on innovations to improve power, timing, and functionality.  
• These chips validate improvements across technology nodes and new fabrication techniques.  

3. Whole Chip Verification:  

•  A rigorous verification process encompassing analog, digital, and mixed-signal components. 
• Advanced EDA tools and verification techniques are required.  

4. DFT (Design for Testability):  

• Engineers troubleshoot testability issues, bridging gaps between software simulations and silicon validations.  

5. Post-Silicon Validation:  

• Involves hands-on testing of physical chips using advanced lab equipment.  
• Practical knowledge of tools like oscilloscopes and specialized instruments from vendors like Agilent is essential.  

6. Silicon Reporting:  

• The final step, where software-to-silicon results are compared and compiled into detailed reports for customers.  
• This is a high-responsibility role, requiring years of experience.  

CAD Automation Domain :

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Automation ensures seamless tool integration and workflow efficiency across the VLSI design process.  

What Is CAD Automation?  

CAD engineers develop and maintain automation frameworks to support various design stages. These frameworks optimize time and resources, allowing designers to focus on creating innovative chips.  

Subdomains in CAD Automation:  

1. Frontend CAD:  

•  Covers RTL to synthesis and schematic design flows.  
•  Requires understanding of EDA tools and continuous updates to automate bug fixes and enhancements.  

2. DFT CAD:  

• Focuses on automation for smooth DFT inspections and testing.  

3. PNR (Place and Route) CAD:  

• Automates layout mechanisms for both digital and analog designs.  
• Requires knowledge of TCL scripting and proprietary languages like SKILL.  

4. Physical Verification CAD:  

•  Handles DRC (Design Rule Check), LVS (Layout vs. Schematic), and EMIR (Electromigration and IR drop) checks.  
•  Requires expertise in tools like ICV, PVS, and Calibre.  

5. IP View CAD:  

• Maintains consistency across multiple views of IPs, ensuring compatibility with various EDA tools and foundry requirements.  

6. Design Environment CAD:  

•  Develops user-friendly interfaces (GUIs) that streamline design workflows, saving designers significant time.  

 Core Skills for CAD Engineers : 

• Scripting Knowledge: Proficiency in scripting languages such as Python, Perl, TCL, and Bash.  
• Version Control: Familiarity with systems like CVS or SVN for managing automation repositories.  
• Resource Management: Expertise in tools like Univa Grid Engine (UGE) or IBM Load Sharing Facility (LSF) for computational resource optimization.  
• Communication and Troubleshooting: Cross-team collaboration and problem-solving skills are critical in resolving complex design challenges.  

Conclusion :

Both Test Chip and CAD Automation are pivotal to the VLSI industry’s progress. While these domains might not always be in the spotlight, they are integral to ensuring design accuracy, efficiency, and innovation.  

We hope this episode sheds light on these hidden gems of VLSI and helps you explore potential career paths in these exciting fields.  

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Exploring VLSI Domains and Skill Sets: IP Design & Characterization

In this episode, we’ll dive into the types of IPs (Intellectual Property) used in the VLSI domain and explore what makes this field so crucial in modern electronics. If you’re curious about how technology progresses and evolves, this is an episode you won’t want to miss. Let’s get started!

What is IP in VLSI?

In the world of VLSI, IP (Intellectual Property) refers to a self-contained design block with clearly defined inputs and outputs, capable of performing a specific function. The idea behind IP is simple: design once, reuse multiple times. This approach speeds up the development process and ensures consistency across projects.

What is Characterization?

Characterization in VLSI is the process of analyzing and recording the electrical properties of an IP (such as current, voltage, power variations, etc.) under different conditions. This step ensures the IP functions reliably across a range of environments and applications.

Types of IPs in VLSI:

Here’s a look at the major types of IPs designed in the VLSI domain:

1. Standard Cell IPs

These are the building blocks of any digital design, such as an ASIC or SoC. Standard cell libraries include:

• Logic cells (e.g., AND, OR gates)
• Sequential cells (e.g., flip-flops, latches)
• Power management cells
• Special cells (e.g., filler cells, decap cells)

Standard cell characterization is a key focus area, as variations in PVT (Process, Voltage, and Temperature) and threshold voltage impact their performance.

2. Memory IPs

Memory is integral to modern devices. Common types include:

• SRAM (Static RAM)
• DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
• NVM (Non-Volatile Memory), such as Flash
• BRAM (Battery-Backed RAM)

Memory IPs are designed at two levels:

• Unit Memory Cell Design
• Memory Array Design

Characterization ensures reliable storage and retrieval of data under varying conditions.

3. Analog IPs

These IPs perform specific analog functions and are critical in applications like power management, audio, and signal generation. Examples include:

• DC-DC Converters
• Phase-Locked Loops (PLLs)
• Audio IPs

4. SerDes IPs

SerDes (Serializer/Deserializer) IPs convert parallel data to serial and back, enabling high-speed data transfer in modern devices. They are particularly popular in handheld gadgets.

5. Mixed Signal IPs (e.g., USB, MIPI, PHY)

Mixed signal IPs, such as USB, MIPI, and PHY, bridge the analog and digital worlds. With the rise of plug-and-play devices, these IPs are in high demand.

6. IO Pad IPs

IO Pads manage the interface between the silicon chip and external circuitry. These are essential in any chip design.

Design Views and Skill Sets in IP Characterization

At the core of IP design and characterization lies the need for highly specialized skill sets. Here’s a breakdown:

1. HDL Representation

For digital IPs, you’ll use:

• Verilog/System Verilog
• VHDL

For analog IPs:

• Verilog-A
• Verilog-AMS

2. Timing Library Characterization

This involves performing dynamic timing analysis to record parameters like:

• Delay
• Slew
• Rise/Fall times

Tools: Liberate, Silicon Smart  

Format: Liberty (.lib)

3. Layout Design:

Layouts are handcrafted at the unit cell level, where components like diffusion layers, poly, and metal layers are meticulously designed.

Tools: Virtuoso, Custom Compiler  

Free Option: Magic Layout

4. Parasitic Extraction

Extracting parasitic resistance and capacitance ensures accurate simulation of the physical design. Tools like StarRC or QRC are used for this purpose.

5. Physical Verification

Tools like Calibre, ICV, and PVS are used for:

• DRC (Design Rule Checks)
• LVS (Layout vs. Schematic)
• EM/IR Checks

6. Schematic Design

For analog IPs, schematic design involves:

• Interconnecting components (active and passive)
• Simulating using AC, DC, or transient analysis

Free Tool: LTSpice

The Evolution of IP Design:

As technology advances, the need for innovative IPs grows. The scaling of technology nodes, increasing device complexity, and new applications in AI, IoT, and high-speed computing have spurred the creation of novel IPs.

The IP design and characterization field promises a future rich with opportunities for skilled professionals.

Conclusion:

The IP Design and Characterization domain is the backbone of VLSI innovation. Whether you're drawn to standard cells, memory, analog, or mixed-signal IPs, each offers a unique blend of challenges and rewards.

Thanks for reading! See you soon!

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Exploring VLSI Domains and Skill Sets: Analog & Analog Mixed Signal (AMS)

In this episode, we delve into two fascinating VLSI domains: Analog Design and Analog Mixed Signal (AMS) Design. While their names might sound similar, these domains require distinctly different skill sets. If you're curious about the differences and the expertise needed for each, stick around until the end!

Setting the Stage:

This episode is part of our ongoing series answering a question from our viewer. As previously mentioned, the detailed answer spans multiple episodes. In this second installment, we'll be focusing on the Analog Design and AMS Design domains. Let's get started!

Domains Inside Analog Design:

Analog design is rooted in concepts many of you may have encountered during your college days. If you've worked with SPICE or explored circuits like operational amplifiers (op-amps), phase-locked loops (PLLs), or oscillators, you're already on familiar ground.

Let's break down the key aspects:

1.Schematic Design :  

• Why It Matters: In the industry, manual SPICE-based node labeling isn't practical for complex designs. Instead, schematic capture tools like Cadence Virtuoso and Synopsys Custom Compiler streamline the process. These tools provide graphical interfaces to design and simulate circuits efficiently.  
• Skills Needed:  
• Strong foundation in analog electronics.  
• Familiarity with schematic capture tools like Virtuoso and LTspice (a free option to start with).  
• Knowledge of analysis methods such as transient, AC, DC, and noise analysis.  

2. Layout Design  

• Process: Analog layout design often employs semi-custom or full-custom techniques, particularly for unique blocks. Tools like Virtuoso and Custom Compiler are essential for this stage.  
• Skills Needed:  Expertise in analog layout methodologies.   Ability to optimize for performance metrics like noise, power and parasitics.  

3. Physical Verification  

• Verification Steps:  
• Using tools like Calibre DRC, LVS, and ICV to ensure design rule compliance and layout correctness.  
• DSPF Extraction with tools like StarRC to check parasitic effects.  
• Running EMIR (Electromigration and IR drop) checks and making necessary corrections.  
• Skills Needed:  
• Mastery of verification tools and scripting languages like Tcl for custom rule coding.  

4. Post-Layout Functional Verification  

• Objective: Incorporating parasitic effects into the design and ensuring performance remains within permissible limits.  
• Tools Used: Industry-standard SPICE simulators like HSPICE, Spectre, and CustomSim for efficient simulations.  

Domains Inside AMS Design:

AMS design combines analog and digital blocks, leveraging the best of both worlds. The scaling down of technology nodes below 10nm has made AMS designs increasingly relevant.

1. System-Level Modeling  

• Approach: Design begins with a top-down or bottom-up methodology. Tools like C++, Simulink, and SystemVerilog are used for system-level modeling.  
• Skills Needed: Proficiency in system-level modeling and simulation tools.  

2. Behavioral Design  

• Analog Behavioral Modeling:  
• Verilog-A is used for analog components.  
• Verilog-AMS allows seamless integration of analog and digital components.  
• Digital Behavioral Modeling: Verilog or SystemVerilog.  
• Skills Needed: Expertise in Verilog, Verilog-A, and Verilog-AMS.  

3. Mixed-Signal Verification  

• Process:  Concurrent simulation of analog and digital blocks using SPICE (for analog) and Verilog (for digital).  Proper configuration of A-to-D and D-to-A converters to facilitate smooth signal transactions.  
• Tools Used: Virtuoso AMS, CustomSim AMS, and Vista IDMS simulators.  

4. AMS Layout and Physical Verification  

• Layout Tools: AMS-specific layout capabilities in tools like Virtuoso AMS and Custom Compiler AMS Layout.  
• Verification: Standard DRC, LVS, ERC checks, and EMIR analysis.  
• Additional Skills:  
• Coding DRC rules with Tcl or tool-specific languages.  
• Deep understanding of silicon fabrication processes.  

Conclusion:

The Analog and AMS domains offer exciting opportunities, but they require dedicated learning and practice. From foundational tools like SPICE to advanced simulators like HSPICE and Virtuoso AMS, mastering these skills can open doors to rewarding VLSI careers.  

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Exploring VLSI Domains and Skill Sets: ASIC & FPGA

 

In this, we’ll explore the various domains in VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) where you can build a career. Additionally, we’ll break down the specific skill sets needed for each domain. This topic stems from a viewer's request to clarify what professionals do in different VLSI domains like design, verification, and physical design. 

Since this is a broad topic, we’re dividing it into multiple posts. This blog is part one, so stay tuned for future installments!

Introduction to VLSI Domains: A Bird's Eye View

The VLSI ecosystem is vast and can be broadly divided into several domains:

1. Digital Design:

Digital design caters to various chip technologies like ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit), FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array), and SoC (System-on-Chip).  The digital design flow typically starts with RTL (Register Transfer Level) coding and ends with a GDSII (Graphic Data System) file for fabrication.

2. Analog Design :

In analog design, engineers work on components like PLLs (Phase-Locked Loops), op-amps, and oscillators. These components are crucial for circuits that process analog signals.

3. Analog Mixed-Signal (AMS) Design

AMS design combines analog and digital techniques, widely used in technologies like USB, SerDes, and IP cores. This domain bridges the gap between digital and analog design.

4. IP Design and Characterization :

IP (Intellectual Property) design involves creating reusable design blocks, such as:

• Digital IP: Logic gates, sequential elements.
• Analog IP: Converters (ADC/DAC), PLLs, memory cells.

5. Test Chip Development :

Test chips are prototypes that test designs on actual silicon. They validate performance by comparing test outcomes with simulation results, providing critical feedback for final production.

6. CAD and Automation :

CAD (Computer-Aided Design) automation tools form the backbone of all VLSI domains. Proficiency in these tools is essential across the board.

Domains Within Digital Design:

Let’s dive deeper into digital design, which spans multiple specialized domains:

1. RTL Design :

•  What It Entails: Writing hardware description languages (HDLs) like Verilog, VHDL, or SystemVerilog to define the chip’s behavior.
• Skills Needed: 
•  Advanced expertise in HDLs.
•  Strong problem-solving skills to design complex circuits.

2. Verification :

• What It Entails: Ensuring the chip design meets its specifications through methodologies like UVM (Universal Verification Methodology) and OVM (Open Verification Methodology).
• Skills Needed: 
• System Verilog assertions.
• Knowledge of LRMs (Language Reference Manuals) to stay updated with industry changes.

3. DFT (Design for Testability) : 

• What It Entails: Designing chips with built-in testing features for post-manufacturing validation.
• Skills Needed: Familiarity with tools like Tetramax and concepts like ATPG (Automatic Test Pattern Generation), BIST (Built-In Self-Test), and JTAG (Joint Test Action Group).

4. Physical Design :

• What It Entails: Translating RTL designs into layouts for fabrication. This stage includes:
• PNR (Place and Route).
• CTS (Clock Tree Synthesis).
• ECO (Engineering Change Order).
• Skills Needed: Tools like Cadence Encounter or Synopsys ICC2.

5. Physical Verification

• What It Entails: Verifying the layout with checks like:
• DRC (Design Rule Check).
• LVS (Layout vs. Schematic).
• ERC (Electrical Rule Check).
• Skills Needed: Tools such as IC Validator and PERC.

6. STA (Static Timing Analysis)

• What It Entails: Analyzing timing paths to ensure designs meet speed and performance goals.
• Skills Needed: Mastery of tools like PrimeTime and ETS

 7. Sign-Off :

• What It Entails: Finalizing the design for tape-out (fabrication). Engineers in this domain require comprehensive knowledge of the RTL-to-GDSII flow.
• Skills Needed: Tools like LEC (Logical Equivalence Check) and IREM.

Final Thoughts:

Each VLSI domain offers unique challenges and opportunities. While large companies often have specialized teams for each domain, startups may require engineers to handle multiple responsibilities. The choice of domain depends on your interest and expertise.

Stay tuned for upcoming blogs where we’ll discuss analog design, AMS design, and other key domains in detail. 

Let’s simplify VLSI, one domain at a time. Until next time, happy learning! 😊

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How Difficult Is It to Start an IP Business? A Viewer Question Answered

 

Welcome to today’s blog, inspired by a question from one of our viewers, who asked: “How difficult is it to start an IP business?” We appreciate Andre for bringing up such an insightful topic! While this isn’t a step-by-step guide, we aim to provide an overview of what it takes to venture into the world of Intellectual Property (IP) business. Let’s dive in!

The Three Pillars of Starting a Business:

Starting any business revolves around three key elements: Finance, Contacts, and Expertise. Let’s break these down:  

1. Finance

Finance is the backbone of any business. Whether it’s renting or buying premises, obtaining tool licenses, or hiring a skilled team, everything requires capital. Even with solid expertise and a robust business plan, money is essential to bring your ideas to life.  To kick start your IP business, focus on organizing your finances and drafting a comprehensive business plan. While we aren’t finance experts, we recommend consulting with professionals to ensure your plan is sustainable.  

2. Contacts (Networking)

Networking plays a crucial role in building your business. If you’ve been part of the industry for a while, your professional relationships can become valuable resources. These connections can help at various stages of your business, from securing clients to overcoming challenges.

3. Expertise

Expertise is indispensable. Many successful IP entrepreneurs are seasoned professionals with over a decade of experience in the field. If you don’t have significant expertise, collaborating with or hiring experts is a viable path.  

Understanding IP in VLSI:

When it comes to IP in Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI), the offerings typically fall into two categories: Soft IP Cores and Hard IP Cores.

1.Soft IP Cores  

These are synthesizable RTL models, developed in hardware description languages like SystemVerilog or VHDL. They can also be offered as generic gate-level netlists, making them adaptable to different process technologies. The flexibility of soft IP cores allows customization during back-end placement and routing.  

2. Hard IP Cores  

These are layout designs provided in formats like GDS, pre-mapped to a specific process technology. Unlike soft IP cores, hard IP cores cannot be customized for different technologies and are ready to integrate directly into the chip’s final layout.  

Building the Right Teams:

To deliver high-quality IPs, you need specialized teams:  

1. Front-End Team  

Focuses on RTL design, verification, synthesis, pre-layout static timing analysis, and DFT (Design for Testability).  

2. Back-End Team  

   Handles placement and routing (P&R), layout, DRC/LVS checks, parasitic extraction, post-layout timing analysis, physical verification, and tape-out processes.  

3. CAD Team  

Manages automation, tool installation, license management, and quality control.  

4. IP Delivery and Support Team  

Ensures smooth delivery and addresses customer issues with application engineers.  

5. Additional Support Teams  

• HR for hiring and employee management.  
• System administrators for IT infrastructure.  
• Admin personnel for day-to-day logistics.  

6. Licensing and Business Models

An essential aspect of running an IP business is addressing licensing and permission-related issues, tailored to your chosen business model. Whether you opt for perpetual licenses, subscription models, or usage-based licenses, clarity in terms and support is critical.  

Wrapping Up  :

The question about the difficulty of starting an IP business doesn’t have a one-size-fits-all answer. As we’ve outlined, the challenges you face will depend on your resources, industry experience, and ability to adapt to the journey’s demands.  

We hope this overview provides valuable insights and helps you make informed decisions. Thanks for engaging with us, and we’ll see you in the next episode of our Q&A series. Until then, stay tuned and stay focused!

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Navigating Job and Internship Applications in the VLSI Industry: Tips and Insights

Hello, and welcome to today’s blog! If you’ve been facing challenges in landing a job or internship in the VLSI industry, you’re not alone. One of our readers, raised an important question:  

"I’m applying for internships and jobs but haven’t received any callbacks. What should I do?"  

This is a common scenario for many job seekers. In this post, we’ll explore the potential reasons behind this and provide actionable strategies to enhance your application process.  

Understand the Hiring Process: The Virtual Reality Gap  

When applying for roles on job portals or LinkedIn, it’s important to recognize that these platforms operate in a virtual realm. Unlike direct, face-to-face communication, there are multiple non-human layers between you and the recruiter, which can delay responses.  

Here’s what often happens behind the scenes:  

1. Recruiters Post Across Multiple Platforms:  

Recruiters share job openings on various sites, including LinkedIn and job portals. They then need to manually log in to each platform, collect applications, and process them—a time-consuming task.  

2. Indirect Communication:  

The delay isn’t personal. It’s a systemic issue caused by managing data across platforms. Understanding this can help you remain patient and proactive without feeling disheartened.  

What Can You Do? Proactive Steps to Take :

To bridge the communication gap, here are some practical strategies:  

1. Directly Connect with Recruiters  

• Use platforms like LinkedIn to reach out to recruiters who posted the job. Send a polite connection request and a personalized message mentioning your application.  
• If you have their email, draft a formal inquiry to ask about the application status. 

2. Follow Up Regularly  

• If you don’t receive a response, follow up every 15 days. Keep your tone professional and inquisitive rather than demanding.  

     Example: “Dear [Recruiter’s Name], I hope this message   finds you well. I wanted to follow up on my application for     [Position]. Could you kindly provide an update?”  

Managing Expectations: Convergence vs. Divergence  

Recruiters and applicants often align—or diverge—based on timelines and expectations. Let’s examine three scenarios:  

1. Aligned Timelines (Convergence):  

If both you and the recruiter have similar expectations and timelines, the hiring process is likely to progress smoothly.  

2. Flexible Timelines (Potential Convergence):  

If your availability aligns with the recruiter’s timeline, even if it’s not exact, there’s still a high chance of success.  

3. Conflicting Timelines (Divergence):  

When timelines are misaligned, such as the recruiter needing someone immediately while your availability is months away, the process may not move forward.  

Broadening Your Perspective : 

Many job postings are tied to long-term projects with fluctuating timelines. Here are some insights to keep in mind:  

• Project Timelines:  

   Sometimes, hiring for a role is delayed due to shifts in project schedules. For example, a position posted in January might not be filled until months later due to internal changes.  

• Urgent Hiring:  

  If the project start date is approaching, the hiring process might accelerate, leaving little room for delays between interview rounds.  

To navigate these uncertainties, focus on starting conversations with recruiters and seeking clarity about the status of your application.  

Diversify Your Applications :

• Apply to multiple positions across various companies and platforms.  
• Join Telegram or WhatsApp groups where recruiters frequently post job openings.  
• Leverage professional networks to discover opportunities.  

Final Tips for Professional Communication : 

When following up or reaching out, keep these points in mind:  

•  Be formal and polite in your tone.  
• Show enthusiasm for the role without appearing pushy.  
•  Maintain a balance between persistence and patience.  

Conclusion : 

The key to navigating job applications lies in managing both your mindset and your approach. By understanding the virtual hiring process, staying proactive, and maintaining professionalism, you can significantly improve your chances of success. If you found this blog helpful, share it with your network.  Good luck with your applications, and see you in the next post! 🚀  

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How to Secure an Internship Without Personal Connections: A Practical Guide

Internships are a crucial part of an undergraduate’s journey, especially for students in fields like Electrical and Electronics and Communication (EC). 

However, many students often wonder: "How do I get an internship if no company visits my campus?" 

This blog addresses this common concern and offers a step-by-step guide to finding internships independently, focusing on using LinkedIn as a powerful tool.  

Debunking the Myth: 

Campus Placements Are Not the Only Way. A prevalent misconception among students is that companies must come to their campuses to offer internships. While campus placements can be helpful, they are not the only avenue. In reality, there are several ways to find internships, even without any personal connections.

Using LinkedIn to Search for Internships:

LinkedIn is an invaluable resource for students and professionals seeking internships or job opportunities. Here’s how to leverage it effectively:  

1. Log In to LinkedIn : 

 After logging into your account, navigate to the "Jobs" section   from the homepage.  

2. Use the Search Bar : 

Enter relevant keywords in the search bar, such as "Analog Design," "Digital Design," or "Memory Design." Ensure that the keywords align with your domain and interest area.  

3. Apply Filters  : 

On the left-hand side, you’ll find various filters. To focus on internships, check the "Internship" box under the job type filter.  

4. Explore Opportunities  :

After applying the filters, LinkedIn will display a list of available internships. You’ll see openings from multiple companies, making it easier to compare and select positions that interest you.  

5. Submit Your Application  

• Easy Apply Option: Some companies allow you to apply directly through LinkedIn using the "Easy Apply" button. Simply upload your resume, and you’re done.  
• Redirect to Company Website: If the "Easy Apply" option isn’t available, clicking "Apply" will redirect you to the company’s official website. There, you may need to create an account and submit your application.  

Tips for Optimized Internship Searches

1. Choose the Right Keywords  

Your search terms should be specific to your field and interests. For instance, if you’re interested in "Digital Design," use it as a keyword. Changing the keywords can yield a variety of results.  

2. Prepare Your Resume  

Before you start applying, ensure that your resume or bio-data is updated and tailored to the internships you’re targeting.  

3. Be Realistic About Responses  

Not every application will result in a callback. Generally, you can expect a 5% success rate. This means that if you apply to 100 positions, around five may lead to interviews or offers.  

Staying Motivated: A Balanced Approach :

It’s natural to feel disheartened if you don’t get immediate responses. However, it’s essential to maintain a realistic mindset. Avoid extremes of optimism ("I’ll get selected for every position") or pessimism ("I’ll never get selected"). Instead, focus on consistent effort and continuous improvement.

Key Takeaways :

• Use platforms like LinkedIn to search for internships beyond your campus.  
• Apply targeted filters to narrow your search.  
• Update your resume and apply to as many relevant positions as possible.  
• Be patient and persistent. Not every application will yield results, but each one brings you closer to your goal.  

Conclusion :

Finding an internship without personal connections may seem challenging, but with the right tools and strategies, it’s entirely achievable. Follow the steps outlined above, and you’ll increase your chances of landing an internship that aligns with your career aspirations. If you found this guide helpful, don’t forget to share it with your friends and peers. Good luck, and happy interning!  

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How to Start Your Journey in VLSI as an Undergraduate?

Hello everyone! Welcome to another blog post where we address your questions and explore the world of technology. Today, we’re diving into an excellent query from one of our young readers, who asked:  

"I'm an undergraduate student. What should I learn to pursue a career in VLSI?"  

This is a great question, and while it seems simple, the answer is quite detailed. In this blog, we'll break it down step by step to give you a comprehensive guide. So, stick around till the end!  

Importance of Academic Foundation :

Before anything else, focus on excelling in your coursework. A solid academic record not only builds foundational knowledge but also makes a strong impression during interviews. Prioritize your studies and aim for good grades - this is non-negotiable.  

VLSI: Broad Categories of Design:

The VLSI (Very-Large-Scale Integration) field is vast, and to navigate it, you must understand its three primary domains:  

1. Digital Electronics  

2. Analog Electronics  

3. Analog Mixed Signal (AMS) Electronics  

Each domain has unique challenges and learning paths. Let’s explore them one by one.  

1. Digital Electronics:  

If you enjoy working with logic gates and digital circuits, this might be your calling. In the digital domain, you can specialize in:  

Front-End Design: Focus on coding and programming languages like Verilog, VHDL, and SystemVerilog. Learn about verification methodologies such as UVM (Universal Verification Methodology) and OVM (Open Verification Methodology). Knowledge of scripting languages like Python and Ruby is also beneficial.  

Back-End Design : Dive into physical design, which involves creating stick diagrams, layouts, static timing analysis (STA), and physical verification. This path is ideal if you’re inclined towards understanding the physical processes of chip design.  

2. Analog Electronics :  

If circuits like op-amps, oscillators, and PLLs fascinate you, consider analog design. Key skills include:  

- Mastering circuit theory and concepts like Kirchhoff’s Current and Voltage Laws.  

- Learning simulation tools such as LTspice for schematic design and analysis.  

- Understanding SPICE language for circuit modeling and verification.  

3. Analog Mixed Signal (AMS) Electronics :  

This domain bridges digital and analog electronics. It’s particularly relevant as the industry progresses toward advanced technology nodes like 5nm. A career in AMS requires expertise in both digital and analog skills for designing and verifying systems.  

Continuous Learning and Staying Updated :

VLSI is a dynamic field with constant innovations. Stay updated by subscribing to semiconductor news forums and participating in technical communities.  

Final Advice:

Choose a path that aligns with your interests, whether it's front-end, back-end, analog, or AMS. Once you identify your natural inclination, dive deep into learning and practice. Remember, this is a long-term journey, and persistence is key.  

We hope this post has clarified how to begin your VLSI career as an undergraduate. See you in the next post! 😊  

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Power Domains & Power Modes : UPF Episode - 5

In this enlightening episode, we delve into a series of intriguing topics that shed light on the fascinating realm of power domains and power modes in VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration). Inspired by a question posed by Sandeep Vasireddy during the inaugural episode of the UPF (Unified Power Format) in VLSI Series, we embark on a comprehensive exploration of power modes. Through a meticulous analysis, we unravel the concept of power modes, including their definition and significance in VLSI design. We also delve into the realm of popular power modes, exploring various examples and their applications within the industry. Furthermore, we delve into the intricacies of power domains, examining their fundamental nature and the criticality of power-up and power-down sequencing in VLSI systems. By the end of this episode, viewers will have gained a solid understanding of power modes and power domains, enabling them to apply this knowledge effectively in their own VLSI designs.

What is Power Mode ?

Power management is a feature that resides in modern electronic circuits residing inside copiers, laptop, Smart Phones, CPUs, GPUs, monitor , printer, that turns off the power partially or as a whole when inactive. Sleep mode is a low power mode for electronic devices. These modes save significantly on electrical consumption compared to leaving a device fully on.  Sleep mode also known by various names, including Stand By, Suspend and Suspend to RAM. Power mode names may vary from one IC/IP to another IC/IP. For any Specific IC , please consult the Data-Sheet to understand its power modes & its corresponding operations. To know the power-modes of any IP, you must contact the IP-Vendor for the respective Application Note on the available Power-Modes.

Popular Power Modes:

1. Idle Mode:

   -Stopped: CPU, Flash memory

   -Running: Comparator, ADC , Watchdog-Module

   -Wakeup:  External and internal interrupts

2. Power-Down Mode:

   -Stopped: All major & minor powered blocks

   -Running: External interrupts, Watchdog-Module

   -Wakeup: Watchdog-Module, External Interrupt

3. Standby Mode:

    -Running: External Crystal Clock Oscillator

   -Wakeup: Watchdog-module, external interrupt , up time is       higher than power-down mode

What is Power Domain ?

1. Power-Up & Power-Down Sequence : 

The power up sequence is the sequence in which the power is tuned on for the entire chip. The power down sequence is the sequence in which the power is shut down of the entire chip. This includes specifications of the time intervals between several steps in the mentioned sequence(s). A power sequence is used when there are Semiconductor Devices with different power supply voltages (a.k.a Power Domains) mixed together on one board/chip. The time interval specifications differ depending on the device, which can cause problems when applying power to on-board devices with different power supplies. In a general power sequence, power to the main block is applied first, followed by the peripheral blocks. The reverse occurs for power shutdown.

Summary:

Power-Modes Manages the power supply of various Power-Domains. According to a Specific Power-Mode , the Power Management Block Distributes Power to the Various Power Domains. Power Mode - is a Specification of POWERING/DE-POWRING Operation. Power Domain - is a Circuit Block with Specific Power Need.

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Also can watch all the episodes together:

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